P. Aghion and J. Tirole, The Management of Innovation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.109, issue.4, pp.1185-1209, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2118360

N. Baldini, R. Grimaldi, and M. Sobrero, To patent or not to patent? A survey of Italian inventors on motivations, incentives, and obstacles to university patenting, Scientometrics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.333-354, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11192-007-0206-5

S. Baselli and F. Pellicciari, Academic Patents and technology transfer in the Netherlands. An empirical analysis, 2007.

R. Bekkers, B. Freitas, and I. M. , Analysing knowledge transfer channels between universities and industry: To what degree do sectors also matter?, Research Policy, vol.37, issue.10, pp.1837-1853, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01487467

J. Bercovitz and M. Feldman, Entrepreneurial Universities and Technology Transfer: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Knowledge-Based Economic Development, Journal of Technology Transfer, pp.31175-188, 2006.

J. Bessen and M. Meurer, Patent Failure, 2008.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400828692

B. Bozeman, Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory, Research Policy, vol.29, issue.4-5, pp.627-655, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00093-1

A. Bureth and J. And-pénin, Modular innovations and distributed processes: The case of genetically engineered vaccines, European Journal of Economic and Social Systems, vol.20, issue.2, pp.251-274, 2007.

A. Bureth, R. Levy, J. Pénin, and S. Wolff, Strategic Reasons for Patenting: Between Exclusion and Coordination Rationales, Rivista di Politica Economica, pp.9519-9565, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00279475

W. M. Cohen, R. R. Nelson, W. , and J. P. , Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D, Management Science, vol.48, issue.1, pp.1-23, 2002.
DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.48.1.1.14273

W. M. Cohen, R. R. Nelson, W. , and J. P. , Protecting their intellectual assets: appropriability conditions and why U.S. manufacturing firms patent (or not) Working paper no, National Bureau of Economic Research, issue.7552, 2000.
DOI : 10.3386/w7552

J. Colyvas, M. Crow, A. Gelijns, R. Mazzoleni, R. Nelson et al., How Do University Inventions Get Into Practice? Management Science, pp.61-72, 2002.
DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.48.1.61.14272
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.21.9426

D. Czarnitzki, K. Hussinger, and C. Schneider, Commercializing academic research: the quality of faculty patenting, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol.20, issue.5, pp.1403-1437, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/icc/dtr034

D. 'este, P. Perkman, and M. , Why do academics engage with industry? The entrepreneurial university and individual motivations, Journal of Technology Transfer, vol.36, issue.3, pp.316-339, 2011.

R. Fontana, A. Geuna, M. , and M. , Factors affecting university???industry R&D projects: The importance of searching, screening and signalling, Research Policy, vol.35, issue.2, pp.309-323, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2005.12.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00279199

J. Friedman and J. Silberman, University technology transfer: Do incentives, management, and location matter?, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol.28, issue.1, pp.17-30, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021674618658

P. A. Geroski, Models of technology diffusion, Research Policy, vol.29, issue.4-5, pp.603-625, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00092-X

A. Geuna, N. , and L. , University patenting and its effects on academic research: The emerging European evidence, Research Policy, vol.35, issue.6, pp.790-807, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2006.04.005

B. Goldfarb, The effect of government contracting on academic research: Does the source of funding affect scientific output?, Research Policy, vol.37, issue.1, pp.41-58, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2007.07.011

D. Göktepe-hulten and P. Mahagaonkar, Inventing and patenting activities of scientists: in the expectation of money or reputation?, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol.35, issue.4, pp.401-423, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10961-009-9126-2

B. H. Hall and R. H. Ziedonis, The Patent Paradox Revisited: An Empirical Study of Patenting in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry, 1979-1995, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.32, issue.1, pp.101-128, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/2696400

R. Henderson, A. B. Jaffe, and M. Trajtenberg, Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting, 1965???1988, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.87, issue.1, pp.119-127, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/10438599700000006

R. A. Jensen, J. G. Thursby, and M. C. Thursby, Disclosure and licensing of University inventions: ???The best we can do with the s**t we get to work with???, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1271-1300, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7187(03)00083-3

R. Jensen and M. Thursby, Patent Licensing and the Research University Working Paper 10758, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

F. Lissoni, P. Llerena, M. Mckelvey, and B. Sanditov, Academic patenting in Europe: new evidence from the KEINS database, Research Evaluation, vol.17, issue.2, pp.87-102, 2008.
DOI : 10.3152/095820208X287171

C. Macleod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution. The English Patent System, pp.1660-1800, 1988.

L. Manjarrés-henríquez, A. Gutiérrez-gracia, and J. Vega-jurado, Coexistence of university-industry relations and academic research: Barrier to or incentive for scientific productivity, Scientometrics, vol.50, issue.3, pp.561-576, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11192-007-1877-7

J. S. Metcalfe, Ed Mansfield and the Diffusion of Innovation: An Evolutionary Connection, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol.18, issue.1-2, pp.171-181, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10961-004-4520-2

J. Metcalfe, Technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol.19, issue.1, pp.25-46, 1995.

G. Metlay, Reconsidering Renormalization, Social Studies of Science, vol.13, issue.1, pp.565-597, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/0306312706058581

D. Mowery and B. N. Sampat, The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and University?Industry Technology Transfer: A Model for Other OECD Governments?, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol.23, issue.1, pp.115-127, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10961-004-4361-z

O. Smith, J. Powell, and W. W. , To patent or not: faculty decisions and institutional success at technology transfer, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol.26, issue.1/2, pp.99-114, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007892413701

J. Penin, Patents versus ex post rewards: A new look, Research Policy, vol.34, issue.5, pp.641-656, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2005.02.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00279155

J. Penin, On the Consequences of Patenting University Research: Lessons from a Survey of French Academic Inventors, Industry & Innovation, vol.10, issue.5, pp.445-468, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2007.04.006

S. Slaughter, T. Campbell, M. Holleman, M. , and E. , The "Traffic" in Graduate Students: Graduate Students as Tokens of Exchange between Academe and Industry, Science, Technology & Human Values, vol.27, issue.2, pp.282-313, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/016224390202700205

B. Verspagen, University Research, Intellectual Property Rights and the Dutch innovation systems, discussion paper for the Minister of Economic Affairs, 2004.

B. Verspagen, UNIVERSITY RESEARCH, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EUROPEAN INNOVATION SYSTEMS, Journal of Economic Surveys, vol.5, issue.4, pp.608-632, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2006.00256.x
URL : http://repository.tue.nl/612845

R. Welsh, L. Glenna, W. Lacy, and D. Biscotti, Close enough but not too far: Assessing the effects of university???industry research relationships and the rise of academic capitalism, Research Policy, vol.37, issue.10, pp.1854-1864, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.010